Page 45 - History 2020

1795 Fall of Robespierre; Directory set up Republic

1799 Napoleon Bonaparte became military Republic
dictator after coup, as First Consul (the
Consulate)
1804 Napoleon had himself crowned Emperor Empire
1815 Bourbon king restored after defeat of Monarchy
Napoleon

1830 Revolution overthrew Bourbon* King Constitutional Monarchy
Charles X, replaced by liberal Orleans King
Louis Philippe
1848 Revolution overthrew Louis-Philippe Republic (“Second
Republic”)
1851 Louis Napoleon (nephew of Bonaparte) Republic

became military dictator, after coup
1852 Louis Napoleon had himself crowned Empire (“Second Empire”)
Emperor Napoleon III
1870 Louis-Napoleon fell after losing Franco- Republic (“Paris
Prussian War; communist Commune took Commune”)
control of Paris

1871 Paris Commune overthrown with help of Republic (“Third
Prussian troops, new republic set up Republic”)
1940 New Vichy regime set up following French Republic (“Vichy France”)
defeat by Nazi Germany
1946 New republic set up following liberation of Republic (“Fourth
France from Nazi occupation Republic”)

1958 – New republic set up following Algerian War Republic (“Fifth Republic”)
the and return Charles de Gaulle.
present

*It was said of the Bourbons that “they learned nothing and forgot nothing”.

There is another revealing contrast: between London and Paris. This is how Robert
Tombs describes the London of King George I:

“He played a limited role in domestic politics, even less in culture, and none at all in
religion. He was very different from the ‘Sun King’ at the apex of elite culture and
society like Louis XIV. A statue of the king put up in Grosvenor Square was defaced

and eventually dismembered by passers-by. He lived on a relatively domestic scale in
the Dutch plainness of Kensington Palace, holding official court amid the ramshackle
shabbiness of St James’. Most of Whitehall Palace had accidentally burned down in